Nature-inspired optimization algorithms in knapsack problem: A review

Meta-heuristic algorithms have become an arising field of research in recent years.Some of these algorithms have proved to be efficient in solving combinatorial optimization problems, particularly knapsack problem.In this paper, four meta-heuristic algorithms are presented particle lava me 3 smart guitar swarm optimization, firefly algorithm, flower pollination algorithm and monarch butterfly optimization in solving knapsack problem as example of NP-hard combinational optimization problems.Based on twenty 0-1 knapsack problem instances, the computational results demonstrated that the arbor formula rocker snowboard 2023 binary flower pollination algorithm has the ability to find the best solutions in reasonable time.